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Foreword
6
Preface
9
Contributors
14
Part I Introduction to Peace Psychology in Asia
19
Overview of Peace Psychology in Asia: Research, Practice,and Teaching
20
Peace Psychology in Asia: Research, Practice, and Teaching
20
The Nature of Peace Psychology in Asia
20
Embeddedness of Peace and Violence in Macro-layers
20
Interconnectedness of Direct and Structural Peace
25
Studying Subjectivities in Macro-human Phenomena
28
Concluding Remarks: Institutionalizing Peace Psychology in Asian Academic Settings
34
References
35
Culture, Social Representations, and Peacemaking: A Symbolic Theory of History and Identity
37
Symbolic Representations of Culture
37
History as an Essential Ingredient in the Imagined Community of Nationhood
38
Four Steps to Operationalizing Social Representations of History in National Cultures of Conflict and Peacemaking
39
Step One: Ascertain the Symbolic Landscape of History
39
Step Two: Describe Discursive Repertoires in Dialogue with Historical Symbols
41
Step Three: Operationalizing Historical Representations as Legitimizing Myths or Group-Based Ideologies
44
Step Four: Beyond Representations to Action: Ethics of Research as Good Social Practice
47
Conclusion
48
References
52
Part II South Asia
56
Where Are We Going? Perspective on Hindu0Muslim Relations in India
57
HinduMuslim Relations in Modern India: The Cultural, Historical, Political and Social Contexts
57
Trends in Psychological Research
62
Early Trends and Mainstream Developments
62
Contributions Central to Intergroup Research
64
A Peace Psychological Perspective of Hindu--Muslim Research
65
Suggestions for Future Research
69
Interethnic Engagement
69
Urban Versus Rural India
71
Development and Operationalisation of Context-Sensitive Measures
71
Towards Syncretic Cultures
72
References
74
Political Violence and Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
79
Kashmir Conflict
79
The Partition and Accession
80
Anatomy of Political Violence
82
Onset of the Present Crisis
83
Explaining Violent Separatism
84
The Ethnic Factor
85
Violence and Human Suffering
87
Conflict Transformation and Indo-Pak Peace Process
88
Peace Strategy: Peacemaking and Peacebuilding
90
References
93
Part III Southeast Asia
96
Peace Psychology of Grassroots Reconciliation: Lessons Learned from the 0Baku Bae0 Peace Movement
97
Overview of the Maluku Conflict
97
Causes of Conflict
99
Conflict Resolution Efforts
101
The Baku Bae Movement
103
Stages and Processes in the Baku Bae Movement: A Summary
110
Toward a Peace Psychology of Grassroots Reconciliation
112
The Future of Baku Bae
114
References
114
Memory for Sale: How Groups 0Distort0 Their Collective Memory for Reconciliation Purposes and Building Peace
116
Reconciliation Context: The Tanjung Priok Case
116
A Brief History of Tanjung Priok''s Political ''Tragedy''
117
Literature on Reconciliation
119
The Role of Memory in Reconciliation
123
Distortion of Collective Memory
126
In Search of Peace: Trading Off the Memories
127
Conclusions and Implications
131
References
132
Contested Discourses on Violence, Social Justice,and Peacebuilding Among Indonesian Muslims
134
Indonesia: State, Society, and Religion in Tension
134
Psychology of Religious Radicalism
137
A Note on the Method of Study
140
Social Constructionist Psychology and Peace Psychology
142
Preliminary Results
144
Construction of the Enemy
146
Discourse on Violence
148
Social Justice
149
Critical Discussion and Conclusions
150
References
153
Interreligious Harmony and Peacebuilding in Indonesian Islamic Education
157
Institutions of Muslim Education in Indonesia
158
Islamic Educations Contributions to Interreligious Harmony
160
The State System of Islamic Colleges and Universities
161
The Muhammadiyah's Educational Network
162
The Nahdlatul Ulama: Indonesia's Pesantren Tradition
163
What Explains the Success of Muslim Schools and Colleges? Contextualizing Islamic Education in Indonesia
166
What Role Does Religious Education Play in Shaping Students Responses to Diversity?
168
References
169
The Future of Malay0Chinese Relations in Malaysia
171
History and Nature of the MalayChinese Relations
171
The Riots of 1969
173
Actions Following the Riots
174
Present Scenario of the Malay--Chinese Relation
174
The Politics of Ethnic Identity
175
A Psychocultural Approach to Peacebuilding
176
Shared Cultural Values
177
Common Religious Values
177
Reducing Conflict, Increasing Contacts, and the Role of Civil Society Groups
178
Conclusion
180
References
181
A Positioning Analysis of Moro Women0s Participation During and After the MNLF0GRP War
183
Positioning Theory
183
The Mindanao Conflict Situation and the MNLF: A Backgrounder
184
Women During and After the War
186
Research Objectives
187
Method
188
Narrative Method
188
Participants
188
Questions
190
Data Collection and Analysis Procedures
190
Results
191
How the Participant Women Wanted to be Regarded
191
Summary of Themes of Shared Narratives
195
Women's Reasons for Joining the MNLF
195
Women--s Participation in the MNLF--GRP War
196
Women's Participation After the War
198
Women's Participation in the Formation of Peace and Development Communities
199
Stories of Women's Struggles, Frustrations, and Challenges During and After the War
200
Discussion
200
References
202
Human-Technology Interface in Philippine People Power
205
Role of Old and New Technologies in Active Nonviolence
205
An Agentic Approach to Human Functioning
206
Conceptual Frame
207
Method
207
Sample Representation
208
Procedures
208
Data-Gathering Procedure
208
Coding Procedure
209
Data Analysis Procedure
209
Selective Coding and Interfacing
210
Results
211
Episode 1: Use of Active Nonviolence and Technology to Oust a Dictator
212
Political, Human, and Technological Context during People Power I
212
Human Agency and Use of Technology during People Power I
213
Human--Technology Interface in People Power I
214
Episode 2: Use of Active Nonviolence and Technology to Remove a Corrupt Ruler
216
Political, Human, and Technological Context during People Power II
216
Human Agency and Use of Technology in People Power II
217
Human--Technology Interface in People Power II
217
Comparison of Agency and Technology Across Episodes
220
Comparison of Interfaces Across Episodes
221
Discussion
221
Role of Civic and Collective Engagement in Transforming the Role of Technology
221
Role of Technology in Expanding and Extending Human Functioning: An Agentic Approach
224
Contributions to Peace Psychology in Asia
225
Technology and the Dynamics of Social Movements and Civic Engagement
225
Appendix A
227
Appendix B
227
References
227
Part IV East Asia
229
Forgiveness for Conflict Resolution in Asia: Its Compatibility with Justice and Social Control
230
Asia as a Conflict Area
230
Korea--Japan Debate
231
Benefits and Risks/Costs of Forgiveness
231
Forgiveness and Justice
232
Positive Relationships of Justice and Forgiveness
233
Third-Party Effects: Conciliation and Retributive Justice
235
Forgiveness and Social Control
236
Group Conflicts and Forgiveness
237
Forgiveness in Interpersonal Conflicts and Group Conflicts
238
Social Psychological Variables of Intergroup Forgiveness
239
Conclusions
242
References
243
Toward Reconciliation of Historical Conflict Between Japanand China: Design Science for Peace in Asia
246
Toward Narrative-Design Science
246
Historical Conflict Between Japan and China Since the 20th Century
247
History in Japan Revisited
248
Discontinuity Between Japan and Asia
250
Discontinuity Between the Past and Present
251
Apolitical Representations
252
Nave Universalism
252
Results of the Session of ''To Help High School Students''
253
Results of the Session of ''Talking to Chinese Friend''
254
Result of the Session of ''Talking to the Chinese Delegation''
254
Narrative-Design Science Toward Peace in Asia
255
References
256
Is the Third Way Possible for Peace? The Dilemma of National Identity in Taiwan and Beyond
257
Geohistorical Context: The Basis of Conflict Among Taiwans Ethnic Groups
257
Historical Representations and Evaluations by Ethnic Groups
259
The Emergence and Developing of National Identity in Taiwan
260
Chinese Consciousness Versus Taiwanese Consciousness
261
Study 1: The Ideologies of National Identity and Relevant Factors
264
Methods
265
Participants
265
Measures
265
Results
267
Differences Among National Identity
267
Bell Shape and M Shape
269
Perception of Ethnic Inequality
271
International Relations with the United States
273
Relations with China (PRC)
273
Study 2: The Imagined Future Nationhood
274
Methods
275
Participants
275
Measures
275
Results
275
Look Ahead or Look Backward
275
Is the Third Way Possible?
277
Conclusion
277
Appendix: Three Stories for Imagined Future Nationhood
278
14.0.0 Story A: Unification is the choice
278
14.0.0 Story B: Independence is the choice
279
14.0.0 Story C: Confederation is the choice
279
References
280
Income Gap, Materialism, and Attitude toward the Richin Developing Countries
283
Economic Development and Rise of Materialism in Developing Countries
284
Income Gap, Corruption, and Negative Feeling Toward the Rich
286
Dissociation of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward the Rich
287
Income Gaps, Interclass Conflicts, and Social Unrest
290
References
293
Part V Future of Peace Psychology in Asia
295
How Asia Can Contribute to World Peace Psychology: Creating a Dignified and Peaceful World by Employing Unity in Diversity
296
Use of a Large-Scale Geohistorical Lens
297
A Historical Shift Toward Global Interdependence Is Presently Unfolding
299
The Need for a New Philosophical Foundation: Nondualism and Unity Instead of Dualism and Division
301
The Need for More Unity: Generating Systemic Change with a Global Scope
303
Harvesting from the Asian Concept of Harmony
304
Shame and Saving Face
304
Harmony
306
We Need More Diversity: Protecting Cultural Difference
307
Harvesting from Diverse Cultural Know-How
307
We Need Unity in Diversity
308
Harvesting an Ontological Frame
308
References
310
The Future of Peace Psychology in Asia
313
Peace Psychology or Peace Psychologies in Asia?
313
Structural Violence and the Vestiges of Colonialism in Asia
315
Collectivist Values, Social Violence, and Peace in Asia
316
The Religious Factor in Asian Public Life
317
Future Directions
318
Balancing Tradition and Modernity
318
Peacebuilding Across Social Layers: Individual, Group, and Society
320
Structural Peacebuilding: Making Governance Structures Sensitive to Communal and Local Issues
322
Conclusion
325
References
326
Index
328
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