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Vehicle Routing under Consideration of Driving and Working Hours - A Distributed Decision Making Perspective
Foreword
6
Preface
8
Contents
10
List of Figures
13
List of Tables
14
Abbreviations
15
1 Introduction
16
1.1 Problem Description
17
1.2 Related Literature
18
1.3 Objectives and Structure of the Thesis
21
2 European Legislation on Driving and Working Hours in Road Transportation
23
2.1 Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 on Driving Hours
23
2.1.1 Scope
24
2.1.2 Definitions
25
2.1.3 Restrictions on Driving Hours
26
2.1.4 Documentation of Driving Times
28
2.1.5 Comparison Between Current and Former European Legislation on Driving Hours
30
2.2 Directive 2002/15/EC on Working Hours
34
2.2.1 Scope
34
2.2.2 Definitions
35
2.2.3 Restrictions on Working Hours
35
2.2.4 Implementation into German Legislation
36
2.3 Remarks on the General Structure of the European Social Legislation
36
2.4 Control Policies
37
3 Dispatchers’ Tasks in Combined Vehicle Routing and Break Scheduling
39
3.1 The Dispatching Process
39
3.2 The Impact of the European Social Legislation on the Dispatching Process
41
3.2.1 Effects on Vehicle Routing and Scheduling
42
3.2.2 Examples of Effects
43
3.3 Combined Vehicle Routing and Break Scheduling in Practice
46
3.3.1 Methodology of the Study
46
3.3.2 Interviews with Freight Forwarding Companies
47
3.3.3 Summary of the Findings
51
4 Model for the Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and European Social Legislation
53
4.1 Model for the VRPTW-EU with Basic Rules
54
4.1.1 Problem Definition
55
4.1.2 Notation
57
4.1.3 Model Formulation
59
4.2 Model for the VRPTW-EU with Optional Rules
64
4.2.1 Problem Definition
64
4.2.2 Notation
65
4.2.3 Model Formulation
66
4.3 Computional Experiments
72
4.3.1 Experimental Settings
73
4.3.2 Computational Results for the VRPTW-EU
74
4.3.3 Example of a Tour Plan
78
5 Distributed Decision Making in Combined Vehicle Routing and Break Scheduling
80
5.1 The Distributed Decision Making Framework
81
5.1.1 Classification of Distributed Decision Making Systems
82
5.1.2 Coordination in Distributed Decision Systems
83
5.2 The Problem of Combined Vehicle Routing and Break Scheduling as a Problem of Distributed Decision Making
86
5.2.1 Distribution of Tasks between Planners and Drivers
86
5.2.2 Anticipation of the Drivers’ Planning
89
5.3 Model Formulations
91
5.3.1 Driver’s Model
91
5.3.2 Dispatcher’s Model
96
5.3.3 Anticipation Functions
97
5.3.3.1 Perfect Explicit Anticipation
97
5.3.3.2 Approximate Explicit Anticipation
98
5.3.3.3 Implicit Anticipation
100
5.4 Computational Experiments for the Decentralized Approaches
101
5.4.1 Experimental Settings and Solution Procedure
101
5.4.2 Computational Results
103
5.4.2.1 Perfect Explicit Anticipation
103
5.4.2.2 Approximate Explicit Anticipation
105
5.4.2.3 Implicit Anticipation
107
5.4.3 Summary of the Findings
111
6 Restricted Dynamic Programming Heuristic for the Problem of Combined Vehicle Routing and Break Scheduling
115
6.1 Dynamic Programming Methods for Vehicle Routing Problems
115
6.1.1 Dynamic Programming Algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem
116
6.1.2 Restricted Dynamic Programming Algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem
118
6.1.3 Solving Vehicle Routing Problems via Giant-Tour Representations
118
6.2 Restricted Dynamic Programming Heuristic for the Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and European Social Legislation
120
6.2.1 Basic Break Scheduling Method
122
6.2.2 Extended Break Scheduling Method
126
6.2.2.1 Extended Daily Driving Times
126
6.2.2.2 Reduced Daily Rest Periods
127
6.2.2.3 Split Breaks
128
6.2.2.4 Split Daily Rest Periods
129
6.2.2.5 Overview of the Implementations of the Optional Rules
130
6.2.3 Extensions to Different Time Horizons
131
6.2.4 Computational Experiments
131
6.3 Distributed Decision Making Using the Restricted Dynamic Programming Heuristic
137
6.3.1 Computational Experiments for the Decentralized Planning Approach
138
6.3.1.1 Team Situation
138
6.3.1.2 Non-Team Situation
142
6.3.2 Summary of the Findings
144
7 Conclusions and Further Research
146
7.1 Conclusions for Vehicle Routing Under Consideration of Driving and Working Hours
146
7.2 Outline of Further Research Directions
148
Bibliography
151
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