Emerging Space Powers - The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents

Authors' introduction

Acknowledgments

Note on terminology

Illustrations

Tables

1 Japan: Origins - the legacy of Hideo Itokawa

Japan's rocket plane

Introducing Hideo Itokawa

Aeronautical engineer

First rockets

Sounding rockets

Uchinoura launch site

Reaching Earth orbit

Introducing the Mu-4S

Itokawa postscript

Discovering a new radiation belt

New versions: the Mu-3C, H

Formation of NASDA

NASDA's rocket, the N-I and its first missions

Communications satellites: YURI, SAKURA, JCSat, Nstar, Superbird

Introducing the N-II

Watching Earth's weather

H-rocket: introducing liquid hydrogen

Sounding rockets

The early Japanese space program

2 Japan: Into the solar system

New Mu-5 versions: the Mu-3H and Mu-3S

Probes to comet Halley

Mu-3SII scientific missions

Solar studies: Yohkoh and Hinode

Third to reach the Moon: Muses A

Express: from Pacific seacoast to the jungles of Africa

Muses B: introducing the new Mu-5 launcher

Nozomi to Mars

Rendezvous with an asteroid: Hayabusa

Back to the Moon: Kaguya

H-II rocket: "most advanced of its kind"

Shooting star

H-II brings in era of ill-luck and uncertainty

Augmented: H-IIA

H-IIA loss: back to the drawing board

Earth and marine observations: Momo

JERS Fuyo: introduction of space-borne radar

ADEOS/Midori: atmosphere observer.

ALOS: day and night, cloud-free

Tropical rainfall

Engineering satellites

ETS VIII: a giant, hovering insect

Winged bird: COMETS/Kakeh ashi

Beams across space: Kirari and Kizuna

Spy satellites: threat across the Sea of Japan

Conclusions: science and applications

3 Japan: Kiho and the Space Station

Japan's first astronaut

Instead, a mission to Mir

Fuwatto's success

International Microgravity Laboratory 1, 2: newts, fish, cells

Space Flier Unit

Preparing for the International Space Station

Japan and the International Space Station

The elements

Supplying Kibo

Keeping in contact: data relays

Astronauts for Kibo

Arriving at the Space Station

Japanese spaceplanes: origin

Development and tests

Reviewed and revised

How the Japanese space program is organized

Main facilities

Tanegashima range: launch site by the ocean

Uchinoura launch center

Tsukuba and Sagamihara space centers

Tracking facilities

Rocket test centers

Key companies

Japanese space budget and ambitions

Conclusions

4 India: The vision of Vikram Sarabhai

Father of Indian astronautics, Dr Vikram Sarabhai

Sputnik and the IGY

First rocket launch, 1963

Space program for education

Space program for remote sensing: the "high road"

Sudden end

ATS: village television

The idea of an Indian Earth satellite

Preparations for first satellite, Aryabhata

Bhaskhara

An indigenous Indian rocket

Planning the first home-launched satellite

First launches: India - a spacefaring nation

Conclusions

5 India: Space technology and the villages

Introducing IRS

Second-generation IRS

Indian remote sensing: a balance sheet

INSAT: India's communications and weather system

INSAT precursor: APPLE

First INSAT 1: a system established

INSAT 2: made at home

Reaching the villages

Promise of INSAT 3

New launchers: ASLV

PSLV: into the big launcher league

Launching the PSLV

Introducing IRS-Polar

IRS-1D in trouble - but saved

Expanding the Earth observation program

Conclusion: the program matures

6 India: Manned and lunar flight

Chandrayan: to the Moon

Gramsat to the villages: the GSLV

GSLV flies

India's own upper stage

First Indian in space

Shuttle astronauts who never flew: Bhat and Radhakrishnan

Shuttle astronauts who flew: Chawla and Williams

Indian manned flight

Organization

Sandbar launch site: Sriharikota

Spreading the benefits to industry

India's space budget

Conclusions: India

7 Iran: Origins - the road to space

International context

Space applications as drivers: communications

Observation of the Earth

Space applications organized

Aerospace Research Institute (ARI)

Education as a foundation for mastering space

International experience to support national policy

Plans leading to hardware

Space infrastructure

References

8 Iran: Development - space launch systems and satellites

Launch systems

Satellites

Sina-1

Small Multi-Mission Satellite (SMMS)

Mesbah

Zohreh

Omid

Iran: plans - the ultimate goal

Besharat

Other satellites in the making

Manned space

A more powerful space launch vehicle

Planning space goals

References

9 Brazil: Origins - the road to space

The Brazilian Complete Space Mission - MECB

The National Program of Space Activities

Space science and technology

Earth observation

Meteorology

Telecommunications

Sounding rockets and space launch vehicles

Infrastructure and ground support

References

10 Brazil: Development - space launch systems, space probes, and satellites

SONDA family of sounding rockets

VS family of sub-orbital rockets

Veiculo Lancador de Satelites (VLS)

Cruzeiro do SuI

Space probes and satellites

Multi Mission Platform (PMM)

Science

Communications

Earth observation

References

11 Brazil: Plans - the ultimate goal

Space access

Application satellites

Multi Mission Platform (PMM) satellite programs

References

12 Israel: Small but efficient actor in space

Israel, a small but an efficient actor in space

Let's go into space for intelligence and security!

Professor Yuval Ne'eman, pioneering "father" of the ISA

Compact Ofeq satellites and small Shavit launchers as defense systems

Towards miniaturized spacecraft for high-resolution imaging

A space industry specialized in low-cost, low-mass spacecraft

Strategic partnership with Department of Space and Antrix in India

Technion in space with "made by students" TechSat

Development of student nano-satellites for an international constellation

Scientific cooperation with India (ISRO) and France (CNES)

Global commercial ventures (1): AMOS by Spacecom

Global commercial ventures (2): Imagesat International

The tragic fate of the first Israeli astronaut, Colonel Ramon

Space program at the top of the technology

Military superiority and security as priorities for space missions

Towards an Israeli-American constellation of SAR satellites?

Cooperation of Israel with space programs of the European Union

References

Annexe 1: main players in Israel's space program

Annexe 2: israeli space launchers

References

13 North Korea: The most secret country in space

North Korea (DPRK), the most secret country in space: space bluff or military challenge?

The origins of a hidden space program

Analysis of the launcher and its maiden flight

Modest, isolated Musudan-ri launch complex

Missile flight test moratorium 2000-2005

"Unsuccessful" first flight of Taepodong-2 in July 2006

Further engine tests and new launch complex

DPRK progress to improve (space) launch capability

The art of launching "ghost satellites"

References

Annexe: north Korean launch vehicles

References

14 South Korea: New entrant for space systems

South Korea: recent entrant for new space systems and micro-electronics leadership

First step (1989-1999): the KITsat/Uribyol microsatellites

Second step (1999-2009): applications satellites and access to space

Space systems for a key program of Earth observations

National launch capabilities with sounding rockets

Mugunghwa: commercial satellites for telecommunications and broadcasts

Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and COMS-1 services

Satellite launches with the Russo-Korean KSLV program

The Naro Space Center: from hilly island to space

The STsat-2 (Science & Technology satellite-2) series of microsatellites

Manned spaceflight in 2008: odyssey of a young lady to the ISS

The future (2009-2019): satellite launches and space exploration

References

Annexe

Reference

15 Contrasts and comparisons

Development and fields of work compared

Annexes

Annexes 1: List of launches

Annexe 2: Space institutes in I

591

Annexe 3: Space institutes in Brazil

Annexe 4: Space institutes in North Korea

Annexe 5: United Nations treaties related to outer space

Bibliography

Index