East Asian Social Movements - Power, Protest, and Change in a Dynamic Region

Preface

Contents

Contributors

Introduction: East Asian Social Movements

Explaining East Asian Protest Movements

Social Movements and East Asian Culture

Conclusion

References

Part I: Introduction to Japanese Society, Culture, and Politics

References

The Duality of Social Systems and the Environmental Movement in Japan

Introduction

Management and Domination: The Dual Character of Social Systems

The Management System and Management Problems

The Domination System and the Problems of Inequality and Victimization

Interrelation of the Two Systems

Three Cases of Environmental Problem-Solving Processes

The Numazu Waste Separation Case

Implications of This Case

Conditions That Enable Change

Problem Solving in the Domination System: The Case of the Niigata ``Minamata'' Disease

The Original ``Minamata'' Disease

Niigata Area Minamata Disease

Implication of This Case

Concealment and Discrimination

Inequality of Power

Conditions Facilitating Change

Cooperative Problem Solving by Opposing Actors: The Case of the ``Garbage War'' in Tokyo

Process of Cooperative Problem Solving By Opposing Actors

Implication of This Type of Problem Solving

Comparison of the Three Problem-Solving Process

Setting the Three Cases Within the Longer Historical Transformation

Conclusions

References

A Comparative Study of Social Movements for a Post-nuclear Energy Era in Japan and the USA

Pro-nuclear and Skepticism: East Asia and Western Countries

Theoretical Scheme and Data of the Comparative Study

Movements Against Nuclear Energy in the USA

Nuclear Reactors and Movements Against Nuclear Energy in Japan

History and Stages of Anti-nuclear Movements in Japan

Anti-Nuclear Arms Movement: The Early Stage (up to 1973)

Blocking Construction of Nuclear Power Plants: The Pre-Chernobyl Stage (1973 through 1986)

Grassroots Activities in Metropolitan Areas: The Post-Chernobyl Stage (1986 through 1992)

Deadlock of Nuclear Policy, and Anti-plutonium Activities: The Anti-plutonium Stage (1992 to the present)

Backgrounds Factors: Japan and the USA

How About in These Three Factors in the USA?

Conclusion

References

Collective Recognition and Shared Identity: Factors Behind the Emergence and Mobilization Process in a Referendum Movement1

Introduction

Pre-referendum: Why the Maki Nuclear Plant Had Not Been Built

The Emergence, Rise, and Success of the Maki Referendum Association

Collective Recognition and Seizure of Political Opportunity

Choice of Strategies

Affinity-Based Mobilization

Framing: A Mobilizing Process

Summary and Discussion

References

The Long-Term Effects of Political Socialization During Late-1960s Student Protest

Confrontational Politics of Late-1960s Japan

Research on Generational Political Socialization

Methodology

A Sociometrical Model of Generational Political Socialization

Operational Definition of Variables

1968-69 Generation (x1)

Contemporary Political Events (x2)

Social Movement Participation (x3)

Later Protest Engagement (x4)

Verification of Hypotheses

Bivariate Analysis

Path Analysis

Conclusion

References

Young Koreans Against Ethnic Discrimination in Japan: A Case Study of a Grassroots and Networking-Style Movement (Mintôren)

Introduction

Past and Present

Patterns of Discrimination

Life Histories of the Mintôren Movement Members

Case 1: Lee Kyung-Jae (Founder of the Mukuge Society)

Case 2: Son Soo-Gil (Active Member of Tokebi Children's Club)

Case 3: Kim Soo-Il (Core Member of Blue Hill Association)

General Schema

Identity Types of Young Ethnic Koreans and the Mintôren Movement Members

Pluralist Type

Nationalist Type

Individualist Type

Assimilationist Type

Conclusion

References

Part II: Introduction to Korean Society, Culture, and Politics

References

Democratization and Social Movements in South Korea: A Civil Society Perspective*

Democratic Consolidation in South Korea

Civil Society: A Conceptual Overview

Civil Society in South Korea After the Democratic Transition

Analyzing Changes in South Korean Civil Society

Conclusion: Civil Society and the Future of South Korean Democracy

References

Mesomobilization and the June Uprising: Strategic and Cultural Integration in Pro-democracy Movements in South Korea

Introduction and Theoretical Perspectives

An Overview of the Mesomobilization Actors in the Democracy Movements

Structural Integration

Cultural Integration

Emergence of a Common Political Symbol

Constitutional Revision and Cultural Integration

The Aftermath

Conclusion

References

Works in English

Works in Korean

Mapping South Korean Women's Movements During and After Democratization: Shifting Identities

Introduction

Historical Context of the Korean Women's Movements

The Women's Movements and Democratization (The Late 1980s-1990s)

The Birth of Minjung Women's Movements and KWAU (Korean Women's Association United)

The Emergence of the Civic Movement and Changes of KWAU

The New Feminist Groups and Challenges of Korean Women's Movements in 2000s

The Emergence of New Feminist Groups

Challenging Issues and Shifting Identities of Korean Women's Movements in 2000s

Is New Social Movement Theory (NSM Theory) a Useful Model of Analysis?

Debates in Western NSM Theories

Limits of NSM Theories from the Korean Feminist Perspective

Conclusion

Reference

English

Korean

The Korean Environmental Movement: Green Politics Through Social Movement

Research Questions

Historical Currents in the Korean Environmental Movement

The 1960s-1970s

The 1980s

The 1990s to the Present

Case Studies

The Onsan Disease Outbreak (1983-1986)

The Nakdonggang River Phenol Contamination Incident (1991)

The Anti-Donggang Dam Campaign (1991-2000)

The Anti-Saemangeum Reclamation Project Campaign (1998-2006)

Case Comparison

Discussion

The Korean Environmental Movement: The Reflection Hypothesis vs. Social Constructionism

The Political Opportunity Structure and Empowerment

Conclusion

References

Part III: Introduction to Taiwanese Society, Culture, and Politics

References

Social Movements in Taiwan: A Typological Analysis

Introduction

Public Opinion and Social Movements

The Public's Unfamiliarity, Awareness, and Support of Social Movements: 1991-1992

The Public's Knowledge of Social Movements

Changes in the Public Awareness of Social Movements

Changes in Public Support for Social Movements

Social Attributes and Public Attitudes

Constructing a Typology of Social Movement based on Public Awareness and Support

Conclusion: A Comparison of the Two Typologies and Their Implications

Epilogue

References

``Rosy Periwinkle'': The Politics of the Licensed Prostitutes Movement in Taiwan

Prelude to the Protests

Proposing an Embeddedness Approach

Some Protest Scenes in Late 1997

Movement Scenes in November 2006

Comparing Scenes from These Two Periods

Bring in Social and Political Contingencies: Prostitutes, Sex Work, and Politics in Taipei

``Legal'' versus ``Illegal'' Prostitutes: Dilemmas for Governance

Nationalistic-Partisan Conflict Between the City Government and the City Council, with Gong Cang Caught in the Cross-Fire

The Early Women's Movement and its Opposition to Prostitution

The CALL and the ``New Opposition'': Subverting Taiwanese Nationalism with Libertarian Feminism and Under-Class Grievances in Taiwan

The Encounter: When Feminist Labor Activists Met Desperate Prostitutes

Conclusions

References

Environmental Movement in Democratizing Taiwan (1980-2004): A Political Opportunity Structure Perspective

Environmentalism in Taiwan

Democratic Transition as Shifting Political Opportunity Structure

Periodization of Democratic Transition and Environmental Protests

Fermentation Under Soft Authoritarianism (1980-1986)

Policy Channel: Exclusion by Official Environmentalism

Political Ally: The Political Opposition as a Bystander

The Emergence of Environmental Movement

Radicalization in Liberalization (1987-1992)

Policy Channel: Exclusion by Preemptive Response

Policing of Protests: From Tolerant to Repressive

Political Ally: Alliance with the DPP

Radicalization

Institutionalization in Democratization (1993-1999)

Partially Open Policy Channel

Policing of Protests: Routinization and Localization

Political Ally: Estranged Alliance with the DPP

Institutionalization

Incorporation Under the DPP Government (2000-2004)

State Autonomy: Weakened State

Policy Channel: Gained Procedural Participation

Political Ally: The Collapse of Political Alliance with the DPP

Incorporation

Conclusion

References

Part IV: Introduction to Hong Kong History and Society

References

The Reign of Market: Institutional Setting, Business Cycle, and Strikes in Hong Kong

Introduction

Theoretical Perspectives on the Market and Industrial Conflicts

Hong Kong: A Case of Unfettered Market Society

Strikes in a Market-Dominated Society: 1968-1989

Business Cycle and Strikes

The Long-Term Decline in Strike Activities

Discussion

References

Social Movement as Cognitive Praxis: The Case of the Student Movement and the Labor Movement in Hong Kong

Introduction: Theoretical Perspectives

The Study

The Student Movement as Cognitive Praxis

The Awakening

The High Tide

The Eclipse

The Labor Movement as Cognitive Praxis

A Historical Profile

1946-1950: Union Growth and High Industrial Conflict

1951-1966: Union Stagnation and Industrial Peace

1967: The Colony in Conflict

1968-1990: Industrial Peace

Conclusion

References

The Development of Post-Modernist Social Movements in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

July 1, 2003 Protest Against National Security Bill (Article 23)

Goal

Participant

Organization

Strategy

Pattern of Mobilization: Planned or Spontaneous?

Pattern of Mobilization: Information Technology

Pattern of Mobilization: Mass Media

Social Movements after July 1, 2003

The Movement to Share the Fruits of Prosperity

The Movement to Preserve Cultural Heritage

The Movements Concerning Mainland and Global Affairs

Toward a Post-modernist Mode of Social Movements?

Conclusion

References

Part V: Introduction to Chinese Society, Culture, and Politics

References

State Legitimacy and Dynamics of the 1989 Pro-democracy Movement in Beijing

Game Theory and Factionalism Model on the 1989 Movement

State Legitimacy as the Basis of Student-Government Interactions

Methodology

Legitimacy and State Control

Top State Elites

Intellectual Elites and Radical Students

University Students

Beijing Residents

State Legitimacy, State Behavior, and Dynamics of the 1989 Movement

The State Hesitation and Movement Development

The April 26 People's Daily Editorial

The Government Concession

The Rise of the Hunger Strike

Intensification of Power Struggle Among Top State Elites

Martial Law and Military Crackdown

Summary

References

Institutionalized Official Hostility and Protest Leader Logic: A Long-Term Chinese Peasants Collective Protest at Dahe Dam in the 1980s

The Politics of Grassroots Protest in Post-Mao China

The Institutionalized Approach in Lodging Complaints

Local Officials' Institutionalized Response

Collective Protest at Dahe Dam

The Emergence of Collective Protest

Protest Repertoires

The Organization of the Protest Delegate Meeting

Protest Leaders

Two Types of Participations

``Accusing an Official Means Fighting a Tiger''

Centralization of Collective Protest

Semi-formalized Protest Delegate Meeting

Ending of Protest in Shanyang

Conclusion

References

The Routinization of Liminality: The Persistence of Activism Among China's Red Guard Generation

Routinization of Liminality and the Persistence of Activism

Economic Activism

Cultural Activism

Political Activism

Social Activism

Theoretical Discussion

Conclusion

References

Part VI: Introduction to Singapore Society, Culture, and Politics

References

Solidarity from Above: State Ideology, Religion, and the Absence of Social Movements in Contemporary Singapore

Introduction

Singapore Society and Political Culture

The Fate of a Social Movement

Power and Elitism

Managing Everyday Life in Singapore

The Meaning of the Singapore Case

References

Part VII: Conclusion

Conclusion: Learning About Social Movements from East Asia

Theory and Reality

The Evolution of Social Movement Theory in the West

The Challenge of Culture and Relations

Development of the Cultural Ontology View

Conclusion

References

Author Biographies

Subject Index