Suchen und Finden
U.S. Social Welfare Reform
3
In Memory
7
Preface
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Contents
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Part I Historical Overview of Select Federal Cash Assistance Programs
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Chapter 1: Historical Benchmarks Prior to the 1980s
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1.1 Overview
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1.2 Origins and Development of AFDC
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1.2.1 The Social Security Act of 1935 and Related Amendments Through the Early 1960s
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1.2.2 The Johnson Administration and America’s War on Poverty
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1.3 Nationalizing Welfare by Linking Public Cash Assistance to Work
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1.3.1 Guaranteed Annual Income Schemes
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1.3.2 The Nixon Administration’s Family Assistance Plan
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1.3.3 Additional Benchmarks: SSI, WIN Enhancements, and the EITC
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1.3.3.1 The Supplemental Security Income Program
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1.3.3.2 WIN Amendments
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1.3.3.3 The Earned Income Tax Credit
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1.4 The Carter Administration and the Program for Better Jobs and Income
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1.5 Summary
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References
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Chapter 2: The Reagan Administrationand Public Assistance
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2.1 Overview
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2.2 The Welfare State Under Siege: Theoreticaland Empirical Underpinnings
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2.3 The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981
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2.3.1 Implementation of Workfare Demonstration Programs Prior to Passage of the Family Support Act of 1988(P.L. 100-485)
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2.3.2 MDRC and Assessment of Workfare Programs Priorto the Family Support Act of 1988
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2.4 Cementing the Link Between Welfare Reform and Work
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2.4.1 The Emerging Consensus
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2.4.2 The Empirical Base Underpinning the Consensus
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2.5 The Family Support Act of 1988
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2.5.1 Provisions of FSA
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2.5.1.1 Title I of FSA: Child Support
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2.5.1.2 Title II of FSA: Creation of the JOBS Program
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2.5.1.3 Remaining Provisions Regarding Child Care, AFDC-UP,Retaining the Entitlement Nature of AFDC, and Fundingof De
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2.5.2 Critique of the Family Support Act of 1988
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2.6 Public Assistance Under Siege During the G.H.W. Bush Administration
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2.7 Summary
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References
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Chapter 3: Welfare Reform in the Clinton Administration
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3.1 Overview
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3.2 Welfare Reform and the Clinton Administration
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3.2.1 Framing the Issue and the Use of Waivers
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3.2.2 Competing Administration and CongressionalWelfare Reform Plans
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3.2.3 The Tide Turns
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3.2.3.1 Republicans Take Control of Congress
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3.2.3.2 The Republican Contract with America
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3.2.3.3 Other Legislative Initiatives Indicative of EndingWelfare as then Known
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3.2.4 The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
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3.2.4.1 The End of the AFDC Program, Welfare as It Was Known
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3.2.4.2 Provisions of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
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Title I: Creation of TANF
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Title I: Work Requirements
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Title I: Provisions Reflecting the Political Clout of the Christian Right
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The Remaining Eight Titles Tangentially Related to TANF Provisions
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3.3 The Impact of PRWORA on Welfare Caseloads
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3.4 TANF Reauthorization
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3.4.1 Planning for the Reauthorization from the Get-Go
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3.4.2 Salient Issues Under Consideration for Reauthorization
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3.4.3 G.W. Bush Administration Goals for Reauthorization
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3.4.4 Reauthorization Delays
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3.4.5 TANF Reauthorized with Modest Changes
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3.5 Summary
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References
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Chapter 4: Women’s Employment and EITC Expansion
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4.1 Overview
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4.2 Women’s Employment
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4.2.1 Labor Force Participation and Marital Status
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4.2.2 Labor Force Participation Among Mothers
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4.2.3 Labor Force Participation Among Mothers with Very Young Children
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4.3The Earned Income Tax Credit Program
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4.3.1 Expansion of the EITC Program
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4.3.2 How the EITC Works
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4.3.3 The Earned Income Tax Credit Program Compared to Other Federal Welfare Programs
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4.3.3.1 Distinguishing the EITC from Other Means-Tested Programs
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4.3.3.2 Comparing the EITC to Other Tax Expenditure Programs
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4.3.3.3 Refinements Reflecting Interaction of EITC with Other Federal Welfare Programs
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4.4The Role of Direct vs. Tax Expenditures in Social Policy
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4.4.1 Allocating Government Largesse Via the Tax Code: Competing Theories
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4.4.2 Tax Expenditures and the U.S. Budget
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4.4.3 Contrasting Tax-Expenditure to Direct Expenditure Programs
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4.4.4 Use of Tax Expenditures to Achieve Social Policy Objectives
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4.5 Summary
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References
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Chapter 5: TANF and EITC: A Literature Review
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5.1 Overview
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5.2 Welfare-to-Work Initiatives and the Transition to TANF: 1988–1996
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5.2.1 State Variation in Workfare Programs
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5.2.2 Assessing Workfare Programs in Light of the Family Support Act of 1988
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5.2.3 The Clinton Administration and Use of Waivers
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5.3 The Socioeconomics of the Post-TANF Years:1997 to the Present
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5.3.1 Caseload Reduction
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5.3.1.1 Work Requirements
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5.3.1.2 Caseload Reduction Credits
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5.3.1.3 Diversion Benefits
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5.3.2 Sociodemographic and Other Changes Accompanying Implementation of TANF
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5.3.2.1 Poverty and Labor Force Attachment
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5.3.2.2 Use of (Dependency on) Public Assistance
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5.3.2.3 Sociodemographic Profile of TANF Entrants & Users
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5.3.2.4 Profile of TANF Exits
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5.4 Earned Income Tax Credit Participation
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5.4.1 Take-Up Rates
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5.4.2 Prevalence and Patterns of EITC Use
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5.4.3 Effects of EITC Participation
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5.5 Summary
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References
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Chapter 6: TANF and EITC Use: A Study
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6.1 Overview
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6.2 Study Objectives and Questions
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6.3 Method
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6.3.1 Data
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6.3.1.1 The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort
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6.3.1.2 The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort
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6.3.2 Measures
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6.3.2.1 The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort
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6.3.2.2 The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort
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6.4 Procedures
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6.5 Limitations
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6.6 Findings
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6.6.1 Descriptive Statistics
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6.6.1.1 The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort
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Program Use by Number of Years of Participation
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Program Use by Year of Participation
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Changes in Economic Well-Being
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6.6.1.2 The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort
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Program Use by Number of Years of Participation
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Program Use by Year of Participation
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NLSY97 Subjects Unaware of EITC
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Changes in Economic Well-Being
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6.6.2 Multivariate Statistics
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6.6.2.1 The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort
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Background Characteristics as Predictors of Ever-Filing for EITC (NLSY79)
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Predictors of Filing for EITC by Survey Year (NLSY79)
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6.6.2.2 The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort
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Background Characteristics as Predictors of Ever-Filing for EITC (NLSY97)
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Predictors of Filing for EITC by Survey Year (NLSY97)
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6.7 Discussion
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6.7.1 Program Use
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6.7.1.1 EITC Take-up Rates
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6.7.1.2 Patterns of EITC, Food Stamp, and TANF Program Use
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6.7.2 Economic Well-Being
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6.7.3 Predictors of EITC Use
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References
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Part II Employment and Training Initiativesin the Global Economy
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Chapter 7: Employment, Education, and Training Programs
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7.1 Overview
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7.2 Job-Training Initiatives Targeting Low-Income Persons
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7.2.1 Overview
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7.2.2 The Manpower Development and Training Act
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7.2.3 The Comprehensive Education and Training Act Program
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7.2.4 Youth-Related Training Programs
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7.2.4.1 Job Corps
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7.2.4.2 Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Project
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7.2.5 The Job Training and Partnership Act Program
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7.2.5.1 JTPA Titles
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7.2.5.2 JTPA Eligibility
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7.2.5.3 JOBSTART
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7.2.5.4 JTPA and AFDC
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7.2.5.5 Overall Assessment of JTPA
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7.3 Workforce Development Initiatives
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7.3.1 Overview
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7.3.2 Dislocated Workers
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7.3.2.1 Overview
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7.3.2.2 The Economic Dislocation and Worker Adjustment Assistance Act
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7.3.3 Educational and Training Initiatives to Keep America Competitive in the Global Economy
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7.3.3.1 Overview
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7.3.3.2 Early Academic and Vocational Education Initiatives
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7.3.4 The School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994
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7.3.5 The Workforce Investment Act of 1998
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7.3.5.1 Overview
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7.3.5.2 WIA Titles
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7.3.5.3 WIA Evaluation
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7.3.6 The Trade Adjustment and Assistance Reform Act of 2002 (TAA)
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7.4Summary
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References
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Chapter 8: An Outcome Study: NLSY79
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8.1 Overview
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8.2 Vocational Education in Secondary and Postsecondary Schooling in USA
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8.2.1 Vocational Education in High Schools in the 1980s and 1990s
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8.2.2 Vocational Education and Postsecondary Schooling in the 1980s and 1990s
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8.3 NLSY79 Government Training and Jobs Programs, 1979–1987
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8.3.1 Overview
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8.3.1.1 “On Jobs” Section of the 1979–1987 Questionnaires
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8.3.1.2 The 1979–1986 “Government Training” Sections
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8.3.1.3 NLSY79 Descriptive Information About Enrollment in Government Training and Jobs Programs, 1979–1986
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8.4 NLSY79 Enrollment in Government and Other Training Programs, 1988–2006
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8.4.1 Overview
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8.4.2 NLSY79 Descriptive Information About Training Enrollment Between 1988 and 2006
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8.5 Study Questions and Methods
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8.5.1 Overview
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8.5.2 Study Questions
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8.5.3 Study Methods
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8.5.3.1 Data and Sample
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8.5.3.2 Measures
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8.5.3.3 Procedures
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8.6 Findings and Implications
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8.6.1 Findings
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8.6.1.1 Descriptive Statistics
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8.6.1.2 Bivariate Statistics
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8.6.1.3 Regression Statistics
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Economic Well-Being
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Human Capital
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EITC-Related
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8.6.2 Study Implications
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8.6.2.1 The Modest Impact of Enrolling in Government and School-Sponsored Job Training Programs
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G-P-S Enrollees: Less Income, Less Work, More Additional Training
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School-Only Enrollees: More Additional Training, Less EITC Eligible
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8.6.2.2 The Importance of Background and Sociodemographic Characteristics
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The Significance of Class, Race/Ethnicity, and Sex
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The Impact of Staying Single and Urban Residence
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References
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Chapter 9: An Outcome Study: NLSY97
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9.1 Overview
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9.2 Career and Technical Education in USA in the 1990s to the Present
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9.2.1 Overview
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9.2.2 Career and Technical Education in the NLSY97
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9.2.2.1 Overview
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9.2.2.2 Prior School-To-Work Studies that Relied on NLSY97
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9.2.2.3 NLSY97 Descriptive Information about Participationin All Career and Training Programs
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9.3 Study Questions and Methods
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9.3.1 Overview
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9.3.2 Study Questions
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9.3.3 Study Methods
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9.3.3.1 Data and Sample
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9.3.3.2 Measures
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9.3.3.3 Procedures
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9.4 Findings and Implications
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9.4.1 Findings
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9.4.1.1 Descriptive Statistics
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9.4.1.2 Bivariate Statistics
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9.4.1.3 Regression Statistics
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Economic Well-Being
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Human Capital
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EITC Related
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9.4.2 Study Implications
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9.4.2.1 The Mixed Impact of Participation in Career and Vocational/Technical Training Programs
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JTPPS Category 1 and 2 Participants: Higher Income from Wages, More Additional Training, and Less Work
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JTPPS Category 4 Participants: Additional Training
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9.4.2.2 The Importance of Background and Sociodemographic Characteristics
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The Significance of Class, Race/Ethnicity, and Sex
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The Impact of Marital Status, Presence of Children Under 18 Years of Age in the Household, and Urban Residence
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References
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Chapter 10: Policy Challenges Ahead
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10.1 Overview
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10.2 Universal Strategies: Education and Workforce Development
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10.2.1 Overview
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10.2.2 The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
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10.2.3 The American Graduation Initiative and the Roleof Community Colleges
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10.2.4 Challenges Facing ARRA and AGI
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10.3 Additional Labor-Market Policies Benefitting Low-Income Working Individuals and Families
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10.3.1 Overview
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10.3.2 Increasing the Minimum Wage
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10.3.3 Living-Wage Ordinances
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10.3.4 Wage Subsidies to Employers
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10.4 Rejected Policy Paths Warranting Reconsideration
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10.4.1 Overview
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10.4.2 The Need for Family Allowances and Related Caregiving Provisions
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10.4.3 The Illusive Quest for a Guaranteed Income Stream
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10.5 Summary
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References
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Index
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