Suchen und Finden
Contents
6
Preface to the Third Edition
22
Preface to the Second Edition
24
Preface to the First Edition
26
Chapter 1:Introduction
28
1.1 Human Osteology
28
1.2 A Guide to the Text
29
1.3 Teaching Osteology
32
1.4 Resources for the Osteologist
33
1.5 Studying Osteology
33
1.6 Working with Human Bones
34
Suggested Further Readings
35
Chapter 2:Anatomical Terminology
38
2.1 Planes of Reference
38
2.2 Directional Terms
40
2.3 Motions of the Body
42
2.4 General Bone Features
43
2.5 UsefulPrefixes and Suffixes
45
2.6 Anatomical Regions
48
2.7 Shape-related Terms
49
Suggested Further Readings
50
Chapter 3:Bone Biology and Variation
52
3.1 Variation
52
3.2 A Few Facts about Bone
54
3.3 Bones as Elements of the Musculoskeletal System
55
3.4 Gross Anatomy of Bones
59
3.5 Molecular Structure of Bone
62
3.6 Histology and Metabolism of Bone
62
3.7 Bone Growth
64
3.8 Morphogenesis
66
3.9 Bone Repair
67
Suggested Further Readings
69
Chapter 4:Skull: Cranium and Mandible
70
4.1 Handling the Skull
78
4.2 Elements of the Skull
78
4.3 Growth and Architecture, Sutures and Sinuses
79
4.4 Skull Orientation
81
4.5 Craniometric Landmarks
81
4.6 Learning Cranial Skeletal Anatomy
86
4.7 Frontal
87
4.8 Parietals
91
4.9 Temporals
94
4.10 Auditory Ossicles
98
4.11 Occipital
98
4.12 Maxillae
102
4.13 Palatines
105
4.14 Vomer
106
4.15 Inferior Nasal Conchae
108
4.16 Ethmoid
109
4.17 Lacrimals
110
4.18 Nasals
111
4.19 Zygomatics
112
4.20 Sphenoid
114
4.21 Mandible
118
4.22 Measurements of the Skull: Craniometrics
123
4.23 Cranial Nonmetric Traits
124
4.24 Mastication
126
Suggested Further Readings
126
Chapter 5:Teeth
128
5.1 Dental Form and Function
129
5.2 Dental Terminology
130
5.3 Anatomy of a Tooth
131
5.4 Dental Development
134
5.5 ToothIdentification
136
5.6 To Which Category Does the Tooth Belong?
137
5.7 Is the Tooth Permanent or Deciduous?
139
5.8 Is the Tooth an Upper or a Lower?
141
5.9 What is the Position of the Tooth?
143
5.10 Is the Tooth from the Right or the Left Side?
148
5.11 Dental Measurements: Odontometrics
153
5.12 Dental Nonmetric Traits
154
Suggested Further Readings
154
Chapter 6:Hyoid and Vertebrae
156
6.1 Hyoid
156
6.2 General Characteristics of Vertebrae
158
6.3 CervicalVertebrae
163
6.4 Thoracic Vertebrae
166
6.5 Lumbar Vertebrae
170
6.6 Vertebral Measurements
173
6.7 Vertebral Nonmetric Traits
173
6.8 Functional Aspects of the Vertebrae
174
Chapter 7:Thorax: Sternum and Ribs
176
7.1 Sternum
176
7.2 Ribs
180
7.3 Functional Aspects of the Thoracic Skeleton
186
Chapter 8:Shoulder Girdle:Clavicle and Scapula
188
8.1 Clavicle
188
8.2 Scapula
192
8.3 Functional Aspects of the Shoulder Girdle
201
Chapter 9:Arm: Humerus, Radius, and Ulna
202
9.1 Humerus
202
9.2 Radius
211
9.3 Ulna
218
9.4 Functional Aspects of the Elbow and Wrist
224
Chapter 10: Hand: Carpals, Metacarpals,and Phalanges
226
10.1 Carpals
229
10.2 Metacarpals
236
10.3 Hand Phalanges
242
10.4 Functional Aspects of the Hand
245
Chapter 11:Pelvis: Sacrum, Coccyx, and Os Coxae
246
11.1 Sacrum
246
11.2 Coccyx
252
11.3 Os Coxae
253
11.4 Pelvis
264
11.5 Functional Aspects of the Pelvic Girdle
267
Chapter 12:Leg: Femur, Patella, Tibia, and Fibula
268
12.1 Femur
268
12.2 Patella
279
12.3 Tibia
281
12.4 Fibula
290
12.5 Functional Aspects of the Knee and Ankle
297
Chapter 13: Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals,and Phalanges
298
13.1 Tarsals
303
13.2 Metatarsals
312
13.3 Foot Phalanges
318
13.4 Functional Aspects of the Foot
321
Chapter 14: Anatomical and BiomechanicalContext
322
14.1 Anatomical Conventions
322
14.2 Biomechanical Conventions
323
14.3 Interpreting the Figures
324
14.4 Cranium and Mandible
326
14.5 Clavicle
328
14.6 Humerus
330
14.7 Radius
332
14.8 Ulna
334
14.9 Os Coxae
336
14.10 Femur
338
14.11 Tibia
340
14.12 Fibula
342
Suggested Further Readings
343
Chapter 15: Field Procedures forSkeletal Remains
344
15.1 Search
345
15.2 Discovery
345
15.3 Excavation and Retrieval
346
15.4 Transport
355
Suggested Further Readings
356
Chapter 16:Laboratory Procedures and Reporting
358
16.1 Setting
358
16.2 Stabilization
359
16.3 Preparation
360
16.4 Restoration
363
16.5 Sorting
364
16.6 Metric Acquisition and Analysis
366
16.7 Photography
372
16.8 Radiography
376
16.9 Microscopy
377
16.10 Molding and Casting
378
16.11 Computing
379
16.12 Reporting
379
16.13 Curation
382
Suggested Further Readings
382
Chapter 17:Ethics in Osteology
384
17.1 Ethics and the Law
384
17.2 Respecting the Dead: Appropriate Individual Behavior
385
17.3 Speaking for the Dead: Ethics in Forensic Osteology
385
17.4 Caring for the Dead: Considerations in the Curation of Remains
388
17.5 Custody of the Dead: “Repatriation” and the U.S. Native American Graves Protection and RepatriationAct
389
17.6 Ethics in Human Paleontology
401
17.7 Relevant Codes of Ethics and Ethical Statements
402
Suggested Further Readings
403
Chapter 18: Assessment of Age, Sex, Stature, Ancestry, and Identity of theindividual
406
18.1 Accuracy, Precision, and Reliability of Determinations
407
18.2 From Known to Unknown: Using Standard Series
408
18.3 Estimation of Age
408
18.4 Determination of Sex
435
18.5 Estimation of Stature
445
18.6 Estimation of Ancestry
448
18.7 Identifying the Individual
452
Suggested Further Readings
453
Chapter 19:Osteological and Dental Pathology
456
19.1 Description and Diagnosis
457
19.2 Skeletal Trauma
460
19.3 Congenital Disorders
466
19.4 Circulatory Disorders
467
19.5 Joint Diseases
468
19.6 Infectious Diseases and Associated Manifestations
470
19.7 Metabolic Diseases
474
19.8 Endocrine Disorders
475
19.9 Hematopoietic and Hematological Disorders
475
19.10 Skeletal Dysplasias
477
19.11 Neoplastic Conditions
479
19.12 Diseases of the Dentition
481
19.13 Musculoskeletal Stress Markers
484
Suggested Further Readings
485
Chapter 20:Postmortem Skeletal Modification
486
20.1 Bone Fracture
487
20.2 Bone Modification by PhysicalAgents
489
20.3 BoneModification by Nonhuman Biological Agents
491
20.4 BoneModification by Humans
493
Suggested Further Readings
500
Chapter 21: The Biology of Skeletal Populations: Discrete Traits, Distance, Diet, Disease, and Demography
502
21.1 Nonmetric Variation
503
21.2 Estimating Biological Distance
507
21.3 Diet
509
21.4 Disease and Demography
512
Suggested Further Readings
516
Chapter 22:Molecular Osteology
518
22.1 Sampling
518
22.2 DNA
520
22.3 Amino Acids
523
22.4 Isotopes
524
Suggested Further Readings
524
Chapter 23: Forensic Case Study: Homicide: “We Have the Witnesses but NoBody”
526
23.1 A Disappearance in Cleveland
527
23.2 Investigation
527
23.3 Inventory
527
23.4Identification
528
23.5 Conclusion
531
Chapter 24: Forensic Case Study: Child Abuse, the Skeletal Perspective
534
24.1 Child Abuse and the Skeleton
534
24.2 A Missing Child Found
535
24.3 Analysis
535
24.4 The Result
539
Chapter 25: Archaeological Case Study: The Bioarchaeology of the StillwaterMarsh, Nevada
540
25.1 Background
540
25.2 Geography of the Carson Sink
541
25.3 Exposure and Recovery
542
25.4 Analysis
543
25.5Affinity
544
25.6 Osteoarthritis
544
25.7 Limb Shaft Cross-Sectional Anatomy
545
25.8 Physiological Stress
546
25.9 Dietary Reconstruction
546
25.10 The Future
546
Chapter 26: Archaeological Case Study: Anasazi Remains fromCottonwood Canyon
548
26.1 Cannibalism and Archaeology
548
26.2 Cottonwood Canyon Site 42SA12209
549
26.3 Discovery
550
26.4 Analysis
551
26.5 What Happened? The Osteological Contribution
556
Chapter 27: Paleontological Case Study: The Pit of theBones
560
27.1 Atapuerca
561
27.2 Discovery
562
27.3 Recovery
563
27.4 Paleodemography
565
27.5 Paleopathology
565
27.6 Functional and Phylogenetic Assessment
567
27.7 Continuing Mysteries
567
Chapter 28: Paleontological Case Study: “Ardi,” the Ardipithecus ramidus skeleton fromEthiopia
568
28.1 Background
568
28.2 Finding Fossils
570
28.3 The Geography, Geology, and Geochronology of Aramis
572
28.4 Discovering “Ardi”
573
28.5 Recovering “Ardi”
576
28.6 Restoring “Ardi”
581
28.7 Documenting “Ardi”
582
28.8 Studying “Ardi”
582
28.9 Publishing “Ardi”
584
Appendix 1: ImagingMethodology
586
Appendix 2: A Decision Tree (“Key”) Approach to ToothIdentification
590
Appendix 3: Online Resources forHuman Osteology
600
Glossary
604
Bibliography
620
Index
660
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