Cross-Cultural Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD

Foreword

Preface

Contents

Contributors

Theoretical and Conceptual Considerations in the Cross- cultural Assessment of Psychological Trauma

The Lens of Culture: Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives in the Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD

INTRODUCTION

CASE HISTORY

THE MYTHOLOGY OF THE HERO, TRAUMATIC ENCOUNTERS, AND PERSONAL TRANSFORMATION

TRAUMA, CULTURE, AND POSTTRAUMATIC SYNDROMES: THE CORE QUESTIONS

CULTURE AND TREATMENT FOR POSTTRAUMATIC SYNDROMES

Native American

South African (Zulu)

Indian (Ayurveda)

Traditional Chinese Medicine

CULTURAL CONVERGENCE IN TRADITIONAL HEALING

THE TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC STRESS SYNDROMES IN CULTURAL CONTEXTS

POSTTRAUMATIC INTERVENTIONS: WHAT WORKS BEST FOR WHOM UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS?

TEN HYPOTHESES CONCERNING TRAUMA, CULTURE, AND POSTTRAUMATIC MENTAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS

REFERENCES

Cultural-Ecological Perspectives on the Understanding and Assessment of Trauma

CULTURE AND TRAUMA: CONCEPTUAL AND PRACTICE ISSUES

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

LINKING THE CULTURAL WITH THE ECOLOGICAL IN HUMAN SECURITY

ASSESSMENT APPROACHES CONSISTENT WITH A CULTURALÒ ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY, RESEARCH, AND PRACTICE

REFERENCES

Ethnomedical Best Practices for International Psychosocial Efforts in Disaster and Trauma

OVERVIEW AND CONTEXTUAL PERSPECTIVE

CASE STUDY USING ETHNOMEDICAL CRITIQUE Ò HEALING RESPONSES TO THE TSUNAMI

EVIDENCE FOR SHORTFALLS IN ETHNOMEDICAL COMPETENCE Back Pressure from the Field and Afar

CULTURAL COMPETENCE AS NECESSARY BUT NOT SUFFICIENT FOR ETHNOMEDICAL COMPETENCE

SUBJECTING VICTIMS Ò VICTIMIZING SUBJECTS

ETHNOMEDICAL STRATEGY AND TACTICS Guidelines to Counteract Neocolonial Transference Dynamics

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Assessing Trauma Across Cultures from a Multigenerational Perspective

CONSPIRACY OF SILENCE

TRAUMA AND THE CONTINUITY OF SELF: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL, MULTIDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATIVE ( TCMI) FRAMEWORK

TRAUMA EXPOSURE AND ÏFIXITYÓ

THE INTERGENERATIONAL CONTEXT

UTILITY OF THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL INTEGRATIVE ( TCMI) FRAMEWORK

RESILIENCE AND TRAUMA ASSESSMENT AMONG GENERATIONS

MECHANISMS OF THE TRANSMISSION OF TRAUMA

THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE AS TRANSMITTER, BUFFER, AND HEALER

SOME RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE

ON JUSTICE

REFERENCES

Refugee Assessment Practices and Cultural Competency Training

INTRODUCTION

'WELCOME' General Issues

ASSESSMENT PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES

MULTICULTURAL ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES AND INSTRUMENT EXAMPLES

TRAINING FOR REFUGEE ASSESSMENT

PERORATION

REFERENCES

Wrestling with the Ghosts from the Past in Exile: Assessing Trauma in Asylum Seekers

INTRODUCTION

TRAUMA DOES NOT HAPPEN IN A VACUUM, NEITHER DOES THE ASSESSMENT

OBSTACLES IN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A HEALTH PROFESSIONAL AND AN ASYLUM SEEKER

HOW TO CREATE SAFETY AS A PREREQUISITE FOR ASSESSMENT

EXPLANATORY MODELS AND CULTURAL RELATIVITY OF NOTIONS AND CONCEPTS

ACCURACY OF THE TRAUMA STORY: IS IT IMPORTANT AND HOW TO CHECK IT?

ADVOCACY Ò SOME ETHICAL DILEMMAS

USING INTERPRETERS IN ASSESSMENT OF TRAUMA

SOME TECHNICAL ISSUES IN ASSESSMENT OF TRAUMA

REFERENCE

Assessment Methods

Assessment of PTSD and Psychiatric Comorbidity in Contemporary Chinese Societies

TRADITIONAL CHINESE HEALTH BELIEFS AND COPING ORIENTATIONS

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS OF MENTAL DISORDERS AND PTSD

ASSESSMENT OF PTSD AND PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY

Assessment of Trauma and Life Event

Diagnostic Interviews for Psychiatric Disorders and PTSD

Screening and Assessment Instruments for PTSD Symptoms

Assessment Instruments for Psychiatric Comorbidity

NEURO-IMMUNO-BIOLOGY OF PTSD AND HUMAN NEUROIMAGING RESEARCH

Animal Studies

Neuroimmunological Studies with Psychiatric Patients

Human Neuroimaging Studies

PREVALENCE, COMORBIDITY, AND PREDICTORS OF PTSD

CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX 1

Culture and the Assessment of Trauma in Youths

ASSESSING CULTURALLY DIVERSE GROUPS

ETHNICITY: MIXED FINDINGS IN US SAMPLES

Confounding Variables

Additional Stressors

Reporting Patterns

Birth Cohorts

NATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND EXPERIENTIAL CULTURES

Trauma-Related Subcultures

National Cultures

Multicultural Groups

PREPARING FOR ASSESSMENT

The Interviewer

Preludes to Rapport

Preparing Individuals and Environments for Assessment

ADAPTING MEASURES The Culture of Youths

Testing Translations

Assessing Treatment Methods

Regression and Reversion

INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS: ASSOCIATED VARIABLES

Locus of Control and Culture

Self-View and Social Support

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

The Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire: An International Perspective

EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF TRAUMA AND DISSOCIATION

INTRODUCTION TO THE PDEQ: DISSOCIATIVE REACTIONS AT THE TIME OF TRAUMA EXPOSURE

THE PERITRAUMATIC DISSOCIATIVE EXPERIENCES QUESTIONNAIRE: A MEASURE OF IMMEDIATE DISSOCIATIVE RESPONSES TO TRAUMATIC EVENTS

INDEPENDENT STUDIES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE VERSION OF THE PDEQ

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES WITH THE PDEQ: DUTCH VERSION

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES WITH THE PDEQ: FRENCH VERSION

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES WITH THE PDEQ: GERMAN VERSION

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES WITH THE PDEQ: ISRAELI VERSION

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES WITH THE PDEQ: JAPANESE VERSION

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES WITH THE PDEQ: BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE VERSION

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES WITH THE PDEQ: PALESTINIAN VERSION

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES WITH THE PDEQ: TURKISH VERSION

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES WITH THE PDEQ: SUMMARY AND NEXT STEPS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

The Impact of Event Scale: Revised

INTRODUCTION

THE INITIAL PILOT WORK ON THE IES-R

ISSUES IN ALTERNATE VERSIONS IN A DIFFERENT LANGUAGE

INTERNATIONAL VERSIONS OF THE IES-R

A SAMPLING OF USE OF THE IES-R INTERNATIONAL VERSIONS

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Posttraumatic Stress in Asylum Seekers from Chechnya, Afghanistan, and West Africa: Differential Findings Obtained by Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Three Austrian Samples

INTRODUCTION

METHOD Participants

Quantitative Methods: Psychometrics

Qualitative Methods: Diagnostic Interviews

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Trauma and Cultural Adaptation

The Cross-Cultural Assessment of Dissociation

DEFINITIONS OF DISSOCIATION

SOMATOFORM DISSOCIATION

DISSOCIATION AND PSYCHOSIS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAUMA AND DISSOCIATION

NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL DISSOCIATION

CROSS-CULTURAL PHENOMENOLOGY

GENERAL ASSESSMENT ISSUES

PUERTO RICO AND PUERTO RICAN COMMUNITIES IN THE US

Translation and Adaptation of Dissociation Measures

Research with Psychiatric Populations

Community Studies of Dissociation and Related Conditions

Studies with Undergraduates

Case Studies

Summary

TURKEY

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Mass Psychological Trauma and PTSD: Epidemic or Cultural Illusion?

INTRODUCTION

VIETNAMESE REFUGEES AS A CASE EXAMPLE

VIETNAMESE REFUGEES AND THE TRAUMA MODEL

CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON MENTAL HEALTH AMONG THE VIETNAMESE

DEVELOPING AN INDIGENOUS MEASURE OF MENTAL DISTRESS: THE PHAN VIETNAMESE PSYCHIATRIC SCALE ( PVPS)

HOW IMPORTANT IS PTSD?

HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION FOR PTSD

CULTURAL DIMENSIONS AND SOMATIZATION AMONG VIETNAMESE REFUGEES

DISABILITY AND HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION PREDICTED BY THE PVPS

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Assessment of Trauma for Aboriginal People

ASSESSING CHRONIC, PERVASIVE AND COLLECTIVE TRAUMA

RESEARCHING POPULATION DATA ON TRAUMA: ASSESSING PSYCHOLOGICALLY TRAUMATIC EXPOSURES AND IMPACTS

THEMES IN ASSESSMENT OF TRAUMA AT THE CLINICAL LEVEL

ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Combined Psychosocial and Pharmacological Treatment of Traumatized Refugees

INTRODUCTION

CASE PRESENTATION

FORMULATION AND STATEMENT TO THE PATIENT

NEGOTIATING A TREATMENT PLAN

RATIONALE FOR TREATMENT

FOLLOW-UP VISITS

NONSPECIFIC FACTORS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT

SPECIFIC INFORMATION ABOUT MEDICATION FOR REFUGEES

SPECIFIC GUIDELINES FOR COMBINED TREATMENT

REFERENCES

Western Psychiatry and Difficulty: Understanding and Treating Hmong Refugees

INTRODUCTION

HMONG SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: RESOURCES AND CHALLENGES

OPIUM: PRODUCTION, COMMERCE, AND ADDICTION

REFUGEE-RELATED MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS

THE HMONG WORLDVIEW: CAUSES OF MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND BEHAVIOR DISORDERS

HMONG FAMILY ORGANIZATION AND MENTAL HEALTH

CHILDBIRTH, CHILD RAISING, AND CHILDHOOD

APPLICATION OF PSYCHOTHERAPIES TO HMONG PATIENTS

REFERENCES

Index