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Letschert_Frontmatter.pdf
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Letschert_Ch01.pdf
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Chapter 1
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Introduction and Definitions
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1.1 The Aim of the Study
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1.2 Methodology
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1.3 Contemporary Terrorism
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1.4 Defining Terrorism
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1.4.1 The Various Features of Terrorism
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1.4.2 Difficulties in Developing a Legal Definition of Terrorism
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1.4.3 Typology of Terrorism
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1.4.4 Some Final Observations
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1.5 Defining Victims of Terrorism
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1.6 Defining Restorative Justice
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1.6.1 Restorative Justice in Literature
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1.6.2 Restorative Justice in International Legal Instruments
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1.7 Concluding Observations
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Bibliography
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Letschert_Ch02.pdf
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Chapter 2
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International Initiatives and Activities Focusing Specifically on Victims of Terrorism, Including Existing International Instru
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2.1 Introduction into General Victims’ Rights
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2.2 International Activities and Instruments
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2.2.1 The United Nations and Victims of Terrorism
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2.2.2 The International Criminal Court and Victims’ Rights
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2.2.3 The Council of Europe and Victims of Terrorism47
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2.2.4 The OSCE and Victims of Terrorism
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2.2.5 Statements Issued by the European Forum for Victim Services / Victim Support Europe
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2.2.6 The European Union and Victims of Terrorism
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2.3 Analysis of the Legal Status of EU Standards for Victims of Terrorism
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2.4 Justifying EU Involvement
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2.5 Concluding Observations
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2.6 Appendix I
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2.7 Appendix II
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Bibliography
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Letschert_Ch03.pdf
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Chapter 3
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Needs of Victims of Terrorism
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3.1 Introduction: Consequences of Terrorist Victimisation and Needs of Victims of Terrorism
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3.2 The Needs of Victims
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3.2.1 A Victimological Framework for Victims’ Needs
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3.2.1.1 Process Factors
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3.2.1.2 Outcome Factors
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3.2.2 Comparing the Victimological Framework with the Rights Contained in the International Legal Instruments
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3.3 The Differential Impact of Terrorism and Related Needs
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3.3.1 The Effects of a Terrorist Attack on Victims
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3.3.1.1 Physical/Medical Effects
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3.3.1.2 Psychological, Behavioural and Social Consequences
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Post-traumatic Stress: Resilience and PTSD
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3.3.1.3 One-Off Versus Ongoing Terrorism
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3.3.1.4 Hostage Taking, Suicide and CBRNE-Terrorism
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3.3.1.5 Loss and Grief
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3.3.1.6 Financial Consequences
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3.3.1.7 Summary
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3.3.2 Risk Groups
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3.3.2.1 Prior Trauma or Mental Disorder
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3.3.2.2 Gender
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3.3.2.3 Effects on Children
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3.3.2.4 Cultural Differences
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3.3.2.5 Summary
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3.3.3 Post-trauma Factors
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3.3.3.1 Social Support
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3.3.3.2 Media Attention
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3.3.3.3 Criminal Justice Procedure
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3.3.3.4 Terrorism and Its Relationship to War
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3.3.3.5 Summary
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3.3.4 The Needs of Victims of Terrorist Attacks
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3.3.4.1 Immediate Emergency Assistance
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3.3.4.2 Recognition and Respect
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3.3.4.3 Information
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3.3.4.4 Participation
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3.3.4.5 Acknowledgment
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3.3.4.6 Material Compensation
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3.3.4.7 Security
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3.3.4.8 Feelings of Anxiety and Loss
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3.3.4.9 Anger, Retribution and Forgiveness
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3.4 Vicarious Victims and the Intergroup Context
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3.4.1 Vicarious Anxiety
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3.4.1.1 Vicarious Traumatisation
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3.4.1.2 Traumas from Television Viewing
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3.4.1.3 Fear of Terrorism
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3.4.1.4 Worrying Well
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3.4.1.5 Fear of Public Transport Systems
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3.4.1.6 Terror Management Theory
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3.4.1.7 Summary
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3.4.2 Vicarious Anger
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3.4.2.1 Vicarious Retribution
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3.4.2.2 Intergroup Forgiveness
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3.4.2.3 Summary
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3.4.3 The Needs of Vicarious Victims of Terrorist Attacks
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3.4.3.1 Dealing with Feelings of Anxiety
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3.4.3.2 Anger, Retribution and Forgiveness
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3.5 Concluding Observations
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Bibliography
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Letschert_Ch04.pdf
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Chapter 4
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Psycho-Social Assistance
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4.1 Introduction
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4.2 A Stepped Care Approach to Mass Victimisation of Terrorism
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4.2.1 Emergency Assistance/Psychological First Aid
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4.2.1.1 Meeting Primary Needs
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4.2.1.2 View the Population as a Resource
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4.2.1.3 Accurate and Swift Information
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4.2.1.4 Resuming Normal Life
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4.2.1.5 Avoid Myths
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4.2.2 Screening and Watchful Waiting
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4.2.2.1 Who Needs Help
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4.2.2.2 Watchful Waiting
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4.2.3 Public Education
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4.2.3.1 Reaching Those Who Need Help
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4.2.3.2 Psycho-Education
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4.2.4 Enhancement of Social Support
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4.2.5 Coping Skills Training
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4.2.6 Interventions for Victims Experiencing Significant Problems
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4.2.6.1 Effective Treatments
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4.2.6.2 Promising or Developing Therapies
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4.2.7 Constraints and Complications
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4.3 Community-Based Interventions
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4.3.1 One-Stop Shop: Information and Advice Centers
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4.3.2 Supporting Relief Workers: Both Professionals and Volunteers
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4.3.3 Reinforcing and Stimulating Activities of Networks in the Community
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4.3.4 Health Research
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4.4 Information and Communication
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4.4.1 Combating Fear and Anxiety
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4.4.2 Preventing Vicarious Retribution
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4.4.3 Communicating to (Potential) Victims
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4.5 Concluding Observations
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Bibliography
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Letschert_Ch05.pdf
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Chapter 5
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Access to Justice and Administration of Justice
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5.1 Introduction
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5.2 Access to Justice
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5.2.1 Legal Standards on Access to Justice at the Levels of the Council of Europe, the EU and the UN
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5.2.1.1 The Right of Access to Competent Courts in Order to Bring a Civil Action in Support of Terrorist Victims’ Rights
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5.2.1.2 The Permissibility of Court Fees
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5.2.1.3 Legal Aid in Appropriate Cases
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5.2.1.4 Legal Aid by Way of Accessory Prosecution
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5.2.1.5 Legal Aid in Cross-Border Cases
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5.2.1.6 Legal Aid in Cases of Mass Victimisation
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5.2.1.7 Legal Advice
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5.2.2 The Practical Relevance of These Provisions and Their Implementation in National Law
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5.2.2.1 The Right of Victims of Terrorist Acts to Access to Competent Courts in order to Bring a Civil Action in Support of T
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5.2.2.2 Legal Aid in Appropriate Cases
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5.3 Administration of Justice
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5.3.1 Legal Standards on the Administration of Justice at the Levels of the Council of Europe, the EU and the UN
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5.3.1.1 Individuals Suspected of Terrorist Acts Should Be Brought to Justice77
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5.3.1.2 Suspects Must Be Judged Within a Reasonable Time
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5.3.1.3 The Position of Victims of Terrorist Acts in Criminal Proceedings
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Participation
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Participation for Victims of Crime in General
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Alternatives to Direct Participation in Criminal Proceedings
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The Role of Tertiary/Vicarious Victims in Criminal Proceedings
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5.3.1.4 The Right to Information
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5.3.1.5 The Right to Assistance During Legal Proceedings
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5.3.1.6 The Right to Protection
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5.3.2 The Practical Relevance of These Provisions and Their Implementation in National Law
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5.4 Participation Rights for Victims of Terrorism
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5.4.1 Participation in Partie Civile Proceedings
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5.4.2 Participation and Legal Aid
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5.4.3 Participation Through Oral Victim Impact Statements
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5.4.4 Participation as a Party to Criminal Proceedings
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5.4.5 Information of Participatory Rights
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5.5 Concluding Observations
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Bibliography
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Letschert_Ch06.pdf
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Chapter 6
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Compensation and Reparation for Victimsof Terrorism*
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6.1 Introduction
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6.2 European Instruments Relating to Compensation for Victims of Crime and Terrorism
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6.2.1 Council of Europe
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6.2.1.1 The CoE 1983 Convention on the Compensation of Victims of Violent Crimes
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6.2.1.2 Guidelines on the Protection of Victims of Terrorist Acts (2005)
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6.2.1.3 Recommendation 2006(8) on Assistance to Crime Victims
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6.2.2 European Union
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6.2.2.1 Framework Decision on the standing of victims in criminal proceedings (2001)
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6.2.2.2 The Council Directive 2004/80/EC
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6.3 National State Compensation Funds for Victims of Crime in General
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6.3.1 Rationales for State Intervention
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6.3.2 General Comparative Remarks
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6.3.3 Variety in EU Member State Compensation Funds
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6.3.3.1 Eligibility and Cross-Border Victimisation
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6.3.3.2 Losses Covered
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6.3.3.3 Thresholds
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6.3.3.4 Procedure
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6.3.4 UK and Northern Ireland
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6.3.4.1 The UK and the Criminal Injuries Compensation Act
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6.3.4.2 Compensation After the London Bombings of 7 July 2005
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6.3.4.3 Northern Ireland
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6.3.5 Germany
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6.3.6 Summary
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6.4 Specific State Compensation Funds for Victims of Terrorism
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6.4.1 Greece
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6.4.2 France
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6.4.3 Spain
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6.4.4 Italy
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6.4.5 Israel
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6.4.5.1 Eligibility
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6.4.5.2 Losses Covered
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Compensation for Injured Victims
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Compensation for Relatives of Deceased Victims
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Compensation for Property Damage
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6.5 Ad Hoc Compensation Funds: The Victim Compensation Fund of 11 September 2001 (VCF)
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6.5.1 Introduction to US Legislation Relating to Victims of Terrorism
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6.5.2 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund
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6.5.2.1 Legal Basis
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6.5.2.2 Victims’ Eligibility Criteria
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6.5.2.3 VCF Procedure
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6.5.2.4 Thresholds
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6.5.2.5 Calculation of the Awards
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6.5.2.6 Collateral Sources
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6.6 International Trust Funds
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6.6.1 Introduction
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6.6.2 Trust Fund for Victims of the ICC
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6.6.3 A European Trust Fund for Victims of Terrorism
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6.7 Private Remedies
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6.7.1 Insurance After 9/11
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6.7.1.1 Implications of 9/11 for the Terrorism Risk
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6.7.1.2 Insurance Schemes in Europe and the US
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6.7.1.3 Government Intervention
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6.7.2 Tort Law
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6.7.3 Charity
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6.8 Compensation Through Criminal Proceedings
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6.9 Reparation for Victims of Terrorism
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6.9.1 Reparation as a Means of Doing Justice to Victims of Terrorism
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6.9.2 Reparations Based on the Van Boven/Bassiouni Principles
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6.10 Concluding Observations
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6.10.1 Compensation and Reparations from a Needs Perspective
Differences in Kind, Degree and Implementation287
6.10.2 Enhancing Crime Victim Compensation and Default Compensation Systems in EU Member States
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6.10.3 Specific Compensation Fund at the European Level
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6.11 Appendix I
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Bibliography
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Letschert_Ch07.pdf
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Chapter 7
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Restorative Justice and Victims of Terrorism
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7.1 Introduction
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7.2 Restorative Justice Principles and Values
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7.2.1 Restorative Justice Principles
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7.2.2 Restorative Justice Values
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7.3 A Framework for Restorative Justice
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7.3.1 The Relation of Restorative Justice to the Criminal Justice System
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7.3.2 Restorative Justice at the Micro-, Meso-, and Macro-level
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7.3.2.1 The Micro-level
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7.3.2.2 The Meso-level
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7.3.2.3 The Macro-level
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7.3.3 A Three-Level Model of Restorative Justice
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7.4 Restorative Justice Practices
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7.4.1 Restorative Justice Processes
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7.4.1.1 Victim–Offender Mediation and Victim Sensitive Offender Dialogue (VSOD)
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General Research Findings on Victim–Offender Mediation
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7.4.1.2 Family Group Conferencing
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General Research Findings on Family Group Conferencing
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7.4.1.3 Circles
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General Research Findings on Sentencing Circles
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7.4.1.4 Victim Impact Panels
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General Research Findings on Victim Impact Panels
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7.4.2 Other Restorative Justice Oriented Practices
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7.4.2.1 Symbolic Reparation Measures
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7.4.2.2 Restorative Sanctions
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7.4.2.3 Truth Commissions: The Example of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)
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7.4.3 Limits to the Use of Restorative Justice Practices
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7.5 The Potential of Restorative Justice Practices for Victims of Terrorism
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7.5.1 Victims of Ongoing Intergroup Conflict: the Example of Israel/Palestine
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7.5.2 Victims of Past Terrorism: the Example of the German Red Army Faction (RAF)
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7.5.3 Mass Terrorist Victimisation and Their Impact upon Tertiary/Vicarious Victims
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7.6 Restorative Justice Responses to Terrorism
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7.6.1 Terrorism and Other Forms of Serious Violent Crime
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7.6.1.1 Restorative Justice Practices in Cases of Serious Violent Crime
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Victim Motivation
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Restorative Outcomes
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7.6.1.2 Alternatives to Direct Victim Involvement
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7.6.2 Terrorism and Hate Crime
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7.6.3 Terrorism and Large-Scale Conflicts
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7.6.4 Restorative Justice and the Vicarious Dimension of Terrorism
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7.6.4.1 Restorative Justice and Vicarious Retribution
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7.6.4.2 The Involvement of the Community in the Restorative Justice Process
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7.6.5 Suicide Terrorism
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7.6.6 Religious Terrorism
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7.6.7 Critical Comments on the Scope of Restorative Justice Responses
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7.7 Restorative Justice Practices in Context
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7.7.1 Restorative Justice Practices for Victims of Terrorism at the Micro-level
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7.7.1.1 Jo Berry and Patrick Magee
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7.7.1.2 Laura Blumenfeld and Omar al Khatib
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7.7.1.3 Michael Buback and Peter-Jürgen Boock/Patrick von Braunmühl and Birgit Hogefeld
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7.7.1.4 The facilitated encounter by Archbishop Desmond Tutu
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7.7.2 Encounters Between Victims of Terrorism and Terrorists in the Light of Restorative Justice Principles
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7.7.2.1 Principle of Personalism
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7.7.2.2 Principle of Reintegration: Offender Accountability and Responsibility
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7.7.2.3 Principle of Reparation
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7.7.2.4 Principle of Participation
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7.7.3 Restorative Justice Practices at the Meso-level: Involvement of the Community, Including Vicarious Victims
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7.7.4 Restorative Justice Practices at the Macro-level
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7.8 Towards a Conceptual Framework for Restorative Justice Processes for Victims of Terrorism at the Micro-, Meso- and Macro
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7.8.1 A Conceptual Framework for Involving Victims of Terrorism and the Community in Restorative Justice Processes
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7.8.2 Towards a Victim–Offender Mediation Model for Victims of Terrorism
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7.8.2.1 Indirect Mediation
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7.8.2.2 The Decision to Initiate Mediation
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7.8.2.3 Surrogate Encounters
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7.8.2.4 Preparation for Direct Mediation
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7.8.2.5 The Appropriate Stage for Mediation
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7.8.2.6 Outcome of Mediation
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7.9 Towards a Global Restorative Justice Strategy in the Terrorism Context
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7.10 Concluding Observations
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Bibliography
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Letschert_Backmatter.pdf
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Annex IList of Experts November 2007 Seminar
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BM1.1 Academics
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BM1.2 Practitioners
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