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Introduction to Wind Energy Systems - Basics, Technology and Operation
von: Hermann-Josef Wagner, Jyotirmay Mathur
Springer-Verlag, 2009
ISBN: 9783642020230 , 87 Seiten
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: DRM
Preis: 46,00 EUR
Preface
5
Contents
6
List of Figures
9
List of Tables
11
About the Authors
12
1 Wind Energy Today
13
1.1 Status
13
1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy Systems
14
1.2.1 Advantages
15
1.2.2 Disadvantages
15
1.3 Different Types of Wind Energy Converters: An Overview
15
2 Wind: Origin and Local Effects
19
2.1 Origin and Global Availability
19
2.2 Local Effects on Wind Flow
19
2.3 Attractive Locations for Wind Energy
21
2.4 Local Effects on Wind Flow
22
2.4.1 Roughness Length and Wind Shear
22
2.4.2 Wind Speed Variability
22
2.4.3 Turbulence
23
2.4.4 Obstacles to Wind Flow
24
2.4.5 The Wind Wake and Park Effect
25
2.4.6 The Hill Effect and Tunnel Effect
25
2.5 Selecting a Turbine Site
26
3 Physics of Wind Energy
28
3.1 Energy Content in Wind
28
3.2 Energy Conversion at the Blade
30
3.3 Power Coefficients and Principles of Design
32
3.3.1 Coefficient of Power c p and Betz' Law
32
3.3.2 Tip Speed Ratio
33
3.3.3 Power Efficiency
33
3.3.4 Principles of Design
35
3.4 Wind Variations
35
3.4.1 Wind Shear with Height
35
3.4.2 Influence of Weibull Distribution
37
4 Components of a Wind Energy Converter
40
4.1 Rotor Blades
40
4.2 Gearboxes
42
4.3 Generators
43
4.3.1 Generating Voltage generating voltage
43
4.3.2 Generator Cooling System
43
4.3.3 Generator Rotational Speed
43
4.3.4 Two Speed, Pole Changing Generators
45
4.4 Towers
45
4.5 Miscellaneous Components
46
5 Design Considerations
51
5.1 Rotor Area of Turbines
51
5.1.1 Reasons for Choosing Large Turbines
51
5.1.2 Reasons for Choosing Smaller Turbines
51
5.2 Number of Blades
52
5.3 Horizontal or Vertical Axis Turbine
53
5.4 Upwind upwind or Downwind Turbine
55
5.5 Load Considerations for Turbine Selection
56
5.6 Wind Turbines: With or Without Gearbox
57
5.7 Requirement of Grid, Synchronous or Asynchronous Generators
59
5.8 Issue of Noise and Its Control
63
6 Operation and Control of Wind Energy Converters
66
6.1 Power Curve and Capacity Factor
66
6.1.1 Power Curve
66
6.1.2 Capacity Factor
67
6.2 Power Control of Wind Turbines
68
6.2.1 Pitch Control
69
6.2.1.1 Running a Pitch Controlled Turbine at Variable Speed
70
6.2.2 Stall Control
71
6.2.2.1 Passive Stall Control
71
6.2.2.2 Active Stall Control
72
6.2.3 The Yaw Control
72
6.3 Connection to the Grid
73
6.3.1 Applications of Wind Energy Converters
73
6.3.2 Voltage Requirement
74
6.3.3 Special Aspects of the Connection of Offshore Wind Parks
74
7 Economics and Policy Issues
77
7.1 Cost of Wind Turbines cost of wind turbine
77
7.1.1 Initial Cost of Wind Turbine
77
7.1.2 Operation and Maintenance Costs for Wind Turbines
78
7.1.2.1 Operation Maintenance Costs
78
7.1.2.2 Turbine Reinvestment (Refurbishment, Major Overhauls)
78
7.1.2.3 The Availability Factor availability factor
79
7.2 Electrical Tariffs
79
7.3 Mechanisms to Support Funding
81
7.3.1 Capacity Credit
81
7.3.2 Environmental Credit environmental credit and Clear Development Mechanism
82
7.3.3 Tax Benefits tax benefit
82
7.4 Wind Energy Economics
82
7.4.1 Financial Analysis -- A Case Study for India
83
7.4.2 Financing financing of a Wind Park -- A Case in Germany
83
7.5 Wind Turbines After Operational Life
85
8 Outlook
86
Glossary
87
Literature
88
Index
89
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