Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 208 - Perfluorinated alkylated substances

Special Foreword

Foreword

Preface

Contents

Contributors

Atmospheric Perfluorinated Acid Precursors: Chemistry, Occurrence, and Impacts

1 Introduction

2 Mechanisms of Atmospheric Formation of Perfluorinated Acids

2.1 Perfluorocarboxylic Acids

2.1.1 Mechanisms for Atmospheric Formation of Perfluoroacyl Halides

2.1.2 Mechanisms for Direct Atmospheric Formation of PFCAs

2.2 Perfluorosulfonic Acids (PFSAs)

3 Chemistry of Perfluorinated Acid (PFA) Precursors

3.1 Volatile Anesthetics

3.1.1 CF3 (CF2) x CHClBr

3.1.2 CF3 (CF2) x CHClOCHF2

3.2 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

3.2.1 CF3 (CF2) x CHFCl

3.2.2 CF3 (CF2) x CHCl2

3.3 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs, Non-telomer Based)

3.3.1 Saturated Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

3.3.2 Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs)

3.4 Fluorotelomer and Related Compounds

3.4.1 Perfluorinated Aldehyde (PFAL) Hydrates

3.4.2 Perfluorinated Aldehydes (PFALs)

3.4.3 Fluorotelomer Aldehydes (FTALs)

3.4.4 Odd Fluorotelomer Alcohols (oFTOHs)

3.4.5 Even Fluorotelomer Alcohols (FTOHs)

3.4.6 Fluorotelomer Olefins (FTOs)

3.4.7 Fluorotelomer Iodides (FTIs)

3.4.8 Fluorotelomer Acrylate (FTAc)

3.5 Perfluoroalkanesulfonamides

3.5.1 N -Alkyl-perfluoroalkanesulfonamides (NAFSA)

3.5.2 N -Alkyl-perfluoroalkanesulfamidoethanols (NAFSE)

4 Atmospheric Sources and Levels

4.1 Volatile Fluorinated Anesthetics

4.2 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

4.2.1 Potential Sources to the Atmosphere

4.2.2 Atmospheric Concentrations

4.3 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs, Non-telomer Based)

4.3.1 Saturated Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

4.3.2 Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs)

4.4 Fluorotelomer Compounds

4.4.1 Potential Sources to the Atmosphere

4.4.2 Atmospheric Concentrations

4.5 Perfluorosulfonamides

4.5.1 Potential Sources to the Atmosphere

4.5.2 Atmospheric Concentrations

5 Impact of Precursors on Environmental Perfluorinated Acid (PFA) Levels

5.1 Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA)

5.2 Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (PFOS), Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA)

5.3 Long-Chained Perfluorocarboxylic Acids (PFCAs)

6 Summary

References

Isomer Profiling of Perfluorinated Substances as a Tool for Source Tracking: A Review of Early Findings and Future Applications

1 Introduction

2 Isomer Nomenclature

3 Historical and Current Manufacturing Sources of Perfluoroalkyl Isomers

4 Isomer-Specific Analytical Methodologies

4.1 Current Analytical Separation Methods

4.2 Analytical Quantification Bias

4.3 Strategies for Isomer Separation by LC--MS/MS

5 Influence of PhysicalChemical Properties on Environmental Fractionation of Perfluoroalkyl Isomers

6 Characterization of Perfluoroalkyl Isomer Profiles in the Environment

6.1 PFOA Isomer Profiles

6.2 Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonate and Sulfonamide Isomer Profiles

6.3 Perfluorocarboxylate Isomer Profiles Other than PFOA

7 Differences in Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of PFA Isomers

8 Summary

References

Biodegradation of Fluorinated Alkyl Substances

1 Introduction

2 The Persistence of Perfluorinated Surfactants

3 Understanding the Complex Biodegradation of Fluorotelomer-based Chemicals

4 Biodegradation of N-Alkyl Perfluorooctane Sulfonamide Derivatives

5 The Role of Fluorinated Polymers

6 On the Way to Mineralization Biodegradation of Organic Molecules that Have Low Fluorine Content

7 Summary

References

Perfluorinated Substances in Human Food and Other Sources of Human Exposure

1 Introduction

2 PFCs in Edible Fish and Seafood

3 Contamination of Food

3.1 Indirect Contamination of PFCs in Food Items

3.2 Direct Contamination of PFCs in Commercial Food Items

4 PFCs in Drinking Water

5 Safety Limits and Tolerable Daily Intakes

6 Perfluorinated Compounds in House Dust and Air

7 Correlation Between PFCs

8 Outlook

9 Summary

References

Index