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Therapeutic Uses of Botulinum Toxin
von: Grant Cooper
Humana Press, 2007
ISBN: 9781597452472 , 238 Seiten
Format: PDF, OL
Kopierschutz: DRM
Preis: 106,99 EUR
Preface
6
Acknowledgments
7
Contents
8
Contributors
9
History and Mechanism of Action
11
INTRODUCTION
11
MEDICAL COMMUNITY GETS INVOLVED
11
DISCOVERY OF THE BACTERIUM
13
BOTULINUM TOXIN STUDIED
13
NORMAL NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
14
BOTULINUM TOXIN MECHANISM OF ACTION
14
REFERENCES
15
Spasticity
16
INTRODUCTION
16
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
16
RISK FACTORS
18
HISTORY/CLINICAL EXAMINATION
18
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
19
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
19
TREATMENT APPROACH
20
BTX Injection
23
CONCLUSION
26
REFERENCES
26
Radiation Fibrosis Syndrome
28
INTRODUCTION
28
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
28
RISK FACTORS
33
HISTORY
34
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
36
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
36
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
37
TREATMENT APPROACH
38
CONCLUSION
45
REFERENCES
45
Low Back Pain
48
INTRODUCTION
48
RISK FACTORS
48
Occupational Factors
48
Patient-Related Factors
49
Anthropomorphic Factors
49
Psychosocial Factors
49
ETIOLOGY OF BACK PAIN
49
Primary Spinal Causes of LBP
49
Secondary Causes of LBP
53
Referred Causes for Back Pain
54
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
54
History
54
Physical Exam
56
Imaging
61
Treatment
62
CONCLUSION
67
REFERENCES
67
Piriformis Syndrome
69
INTRODUCTION
69
HISTORY OF PS
69
EPIDEMIOLOGY
70
DIAGNOSIS
71
DOES PS EXIST?
73
PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM
74
NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
74
OUR METHOD OF INJECTION
76
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE
79
REFERENCES
81
Plantar Fasciitis
83
DEFINITION AND ANATOMY
83
BIOMECHANICAL FACTORS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
83
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
84
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
85
HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
85
DIAGNOSIS
85
TREATMENT
86
BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A INJECTION PROCEDURE (FIGS. 9–11)
92
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
97
REFERENCES
97
Headache
98
INTRODUCTION
98
BACKGROUND
98
EPIDEMIOLOGY/SYMPTOMATOLOGY Migraine Headache
99
Tension-Type Headache
100
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Migraine Headache
101
Tension Headache
102
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS History
102
Physical Examination
103
Diagnostic Evaluation
104
TREATMENT APPROACH Migraine
104
Tension-Type Headaches
106
How BoNT Fits In
106
RISKS AND HAZARDS
110
Eyelid Ptosis (Blepharoptosis)
110
Brow Ptosis
111
Diplopia
111
Minor Sequelae
111
POST-INJECTION MANAGEMENT
111
FREQUENCY OF INJECTIONS
112
SUCCESS WITH BoNT
112
CONCLUSIONS
112
REFERENCES
113
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
115
Spasmodic Dysphonia
116
INTRODUCTION
116
BACKGROUND
116
EPIDEMIOLOGY/SYMPTOMATOLOGY
117
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
118
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
119
ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
120
TREATMENT APPROACH BTX: Rationale for Use
121
Technical Aspects
121
Risks and Hazards
125
Frequency of Administration
126
Success With BTX
126
CONCLUSIONS
127
REFERENCES
127
Sialorrhea and Frey’s Syndrome
129
INTRODUCTION
129
SIALORRHEA
129
Epidemiology/Symptomatology
131
Clinical Diagnosis
132
Treatment Approach
133
Conclusion
136
GUSTATORY SWEATING
136
Epidemiology and Symptomatology
137
Clinical Diagnosis
137
Treatment Approach
138
Conclusion
139
REFERENCES
140
Cosmetic Applications
142
INTRODUCTION
142
PHARMACOLOGY
142
DILUTION AND DOSING
142
CONTRAINDICATIONS
143
ADVERSE EVENTS
143
PATIENT EVALUATION
143
GENERAL INJECTION GUIDELINES
143
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Glabellar Frown Lines
144
Horizontal Forehead Lines
147
Crow’s Feet
150
“Bunny” Lines
152
Perioral Lines
153
Mental Crease and Dimpled Chin
153
Mouth Frown
154
Platysmal Bands
154
Horizontal Neck Lines
154
SUMMARY
155
REFERENCES
155
Hyperhydrosis
157
INTRODUCTION
157
DIAGNOSIS
159
TREATMENT ALGORITHM
160
BTX INJECTION PROCEDURE
162
Axilla
162
Palms
165
Soles
167
CONCLUSION
168
REFERENCES
168
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
170
Urological Applications
171
INTRODUCTION
171
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION OF LUT DYSFUNCTION
172
History and Physical Examination
173
Validated Questionnaires and Voiding Diary
174
The Pad Test
174
Routine Urological Assessment
174
Urodynamics
175
Cystourethroscopy
175
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF BTX IN THE TREATMENT OF LUT DYSFUNCTION Detrusor – Sphincter Dyssynergia and Related Disorders
175
Neurogenic and Idiopathic Detrusor Overactivity
178
Sensory Disorders/Interstitial Cystitis/Pelvic Pain Disorders
181
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
183
BTX-B in the Treatment of Urological Disorders
184
CLINICAL ISSUES RELATED TO BTX INJECTION Injection Duration
186
Treatment Onset
187
Repeat Injection
187
Side Effects
188
PROTOCOL FOR BTX INJECTION
189
Injection Dose
189
Injection Volume
190
Injection Distribution
190
Bladder Injection Technique
192
Urethral Injection Technique
192
CONCLUSION
194
REFERENCES
194
Gastrointestinal Applications
198
INTRODUCTION
198
BTX-A FOR THE TREATMENT OF GASTROPARESIS
198
TREATMENT OF ACHALASIA WITH BTX-A
200
BTX-A FOR THE TREATMENT OF ANAL FISSURE
204
CONCLUSION
207
REFERENCES
208
Blepharospasm
211
INTRODUCTION
211
CLINICAL FINDINGS
211
TERMINOLOGY
211
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
212
PATHOGENESIS
212
TREATMENT
213
Botulinum Toxin Type A
213
Oral Medications
215
Surgery
220
CONCLUSION
221
REFERENCES
221
Economics, Immunity, and Future Directions
224
INTRODUCTION
224
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
224
THE DEVELOPING ROLE OF BTX
226
CONCLUSION
227
REFERENCES
228
Index
230
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